• Outsourcing is the practice of using third-party providers to perform services and/or create goods that would traditionally be done within the business.

Sequence: Sequential execution of a program one line after another

Selection:  Involve the a decision between two or more options e.g  if...then...else

Loops/Repetitions: Used for looping i.e a line of code can be made to execute a given number times before terminating.

• reduced labour costs/do not need paying
• reduced cost of goods
• improve speed of production/productivity
• high degree of accuracy/precision/less errors
• can operate where humans can not go
• do not take breaks/holidays/get tired
• work 24 hrs a day
• reduce accidents at traffic lights
• improve traffic flow
• can work in dangerous conditions

A PAN exist around a single person whereas a LAN covers a larger area

Any one of:
• To allow connected machines to communicate
• To provide the rules of communication between two networked devices

Optical Mark Recognition; Optical Character Recognition; Magnetic Ink Character Recognition ; Optical Bar Recognition

Giving answers as readers is also acceptable, that is, Optical Character Readers, Magnetic Ink Character Readers; Optical Mark Readers

(a)State what is meant by the terms:

Parallel data transmission

• 8 bits/1 byte/multiple bits sent at a time  
• using many/multiple/8 wires/lines

Serial data transmission

• one bit sent at a time over a single wire

1. Commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) software: Organizations can purchase pre-developed software solutions from commercial vendors. These software products are typically ready-made and designed to fulfill common business needs. Examples include productivity software, customer relationship management (CRM) systems, and accounting software. COTS software can be licensed based on a one-time purchase or a subscription model.

2. Custom software development: Organizations may choose to develop custom software tailored to their specific requirements. This involves hiring software developers or outsourcing the development work to a third-party vendor. Custom software offers flexibility and can be designed to align with unique business processes and workflows. It allows organizations to have full control over the software's features and functionality.

3. Open-source software: Open-source software is developed collaboratively and made freely available to the public. Organizations can acquire open-source software without incurring licensing costs. They have the right to use, modify, and distribute the software as per the terms of the open-source license. Open-source software can be an economical option, and it allows organizations to benefit from community-driven development and ongoing improvements.

4. Software as a Service (SaaS): SaaS refers to software applications that are accessed and used over the internet. Organizations can acquire software on a subscription basis, where the software is hosted and maintained by the vendor. Users access the software through web browsers or dedicated client applications. SaaS eliminates the need for local software installation and offers scalability and accessibility from any location with an internet connection.

• Making prosthetic limbs for patients
• Making items which allow precise reconstructive surgery
• Making light-weight plane wings
• Making sculptures

• Data enters at one end (of a stack)
• Leaves at the same end
• Hence 'last in, first out'

2.1.1 Explain the concept of open source in the context of FOSS. (2)

• Is a software whose source available and user can modify and redistribute

Give ONE example of a free operating system the company could install on a laptop. (1)

• Linux
• FreeBSD
• ReactOS
• Android
• ChromeOS
• OpenSolaris

2.1.3 State TWO disadvantages of using free open-source software.

• Lack of support
• Security risks
• Compatibility issues
• Hidden costs

Virus / trojan / worm / malware

• Piece of software/code/a program that replicates itself  or causes damage e.g. editing/deleting files

Prevention

• Running anti-virus/anti-malware software 
• don’t download from unknown sources
• don’t click on unknown links

Spyware / malware / keylogger

• Piece of software/code/a program that records actions/key presses and sends this data to a third party analysis

Prevention

•  Running anti-spyware/anti-malware software/firewall

Data interception / passive

• Data is sent to another device and is intercepted by a third party

Prevention

• Encryption

Phishing

• An e-mail has a link that when clicked directs the user to a fake website that collects personal data

Prevention

• Network policy // firewall

Pharming

• A piece of code installed that redirects user to fake website that collects personal data

Prevention

• Anti-malware or firewall

Hacker

• Person attempting to gain unauthorised access to the network/computers/ data/files 
• unauthorised access and then deleting/editing data/files

Prevention

• Firewall
• strong password 
• biometrics
• penetration testing

• Ease of installation and use
• Application software intended for use in the computer
• Processor type. Some processors do not support all operating systems

• Overtype mode: deletes the current text at the cursor position and replaces the existing characters with new text
• Insert Mode: pushes the existing text away as new text is inserted between the existing text

• Reads the data/packet to find the recipient's address 
• Has physical connections to >=2 different networks
• Holds a routing table
• Stores information about (IP) addresses 
• Keeps packets inside a network by not forwarding them 
• Forwards data / directs/forwards/sends packets 
• Chooses the most efficient path to the next node

• Editor: this allows a programmer to enter and edit source code
• Automatic formatting:  Correctly indents code
• Automatic colour coding:  Changes key words, literals and annotation to different colours
• Linker: this is a program which allows previously compiled code, from software libraries, to be linked together
• Loader: this is a program which loads previously compiled code into memory.
• Debugger: this is a program which helps locate, identify and rectify errors in a program
• Syntax error detection:  Highlighting syntax errors before code is translated
• Trace: this is a facility which displays the order in which the lines of a program are executed, and possibly the values of variables as the program is being run
• Break point: this is a facility which interrupts a program on a specific line of code, allowing the programmer to compare the values of variables against expected values.  The program code can then usually be executed one line at a time.  This is called single-stepping
• Variable watch: this is a facility which displays the current value of any variable.  The value can be 'watched' as the program code is single-stepped to see the effects of the code on the variable.  Alternatively a variable watch may be set, which will interrupt the program flow if the watched variable reaches a specified value
• Memory inspector: this is a facility which will display the contents of a section of memory
• Error diagnostics: these are used when a program fails to compile or to run.  Error messages are displayed to help the programmer diagnose what has gone wrong
• Emulator: will provide and emulator to run the code/app so no physical device required
• Context sensitive menu:  SDE suggests available options
• Statement completion:  SDE will complete a statement such as adding an ‘end if’ to an ‘if’ statement GUI creation:  Allows programmer to create a GUI by dragging and dropping controls (buttons, etc...) onto a form.
• Publisher: facility to package up and deploy program as an easy to install package

• Used to resize the image
• Used to rotate the image
• Used to move the image

• data must be accurate/up-to-date
• personal data must be registered
• data must be used for the purpose that is registered for
• if data is to be used for another purpose the registrar must be notified/
• subject gives consent
• patients must be able to see the data and have it changed if it is incorrect
• processed fairly and lawfully
• kept no longer than needed
• kept secure
• not transferred to other countries without protection

• Use of debugging utilities
• Use of test data
• Dry run / Desk checking

• TCP/IP