Define the term internet      1mk

• The global interconnection of computer networks for purpose of communication and resource sharing

Explain the term web page    1mk

• A hypertext  page prepared to display the content on the web

Explain the following internet address http://www.google.co.us in reference to the structure of a URL    3mks

• HTTP- hypertext transfer protocol or simply protocol
• WWW – subdomain
• google – the name of the computer with the web content/domain name
• .co – top level domain for commercial organization
• .us- a TLD extension for the country US

What is the world wide web                                       1mk

•  A virtual space on the internet that allows web pages and sites to be accessed

Define the term browser                                    1mk

•  A software that used viewing of web content

Explain the meaning of the word hyperlink     1mk

• A text or picture that is a link to another webpage on the internet

What is a search engine?     1mk

• Is a special program that collects and stores links to information websites allowing users to search its database for them
• A specialized web-based application that help the user to search for specific information on the internet.

Explain the meaning of the term internet service provider            1mk

• A company that offers internet services to end-users

Identify three elements apart from a computer that is required for one to be connected to the internet    3mk

• Modem
• Internet software
• Internet service provider
• Telecommunication lines
• TCP/IP protocols

Define the term modem 1mk

• Stands for modulator-demodulator
• A device that enables telecommunication to use telephone lines

What is a protocol? Write the following in full: TCP/IP, HTML, HTTP and FTP           5mks

• Protocols – are special communication rules that govern sending and receiving of messages by computers on a network
• Html – hypertext markup language
• Hypertext transfer protocol
• Transmission Control Protocol
• Internet Protocol
• File Transfer Protocol

What would you do if a website refused to load on the browser within the first attempt?   1mk

• Click the refresh button on the toolbar

 State three internet services                         3mks

• Instant messaging
• E-mails
• E-commerce
• Social media and networks
• E-learning

Define the term internet telephony      1mk

• Transmission of voice data over the internet

State three benefits of the internet in our society

• Provides a platform for conducting business and marketing
• Provides many platforms such as social media through which people can contact each other
• Cost saving
• Efficient communication

• Unfamiliar graphics or quizzical messages appear on the screen
• Programs taking longer than usual to load
• Less memory allowance than usual
• Unusual error messages occurring more frequently

• The process of rewriting parts of a file to contiguous sectors on a disk

• Share peripherals/devices (e.g. printers, scanners)
• Communicate (e.g. email, instant messaging, play games)
• Share data (e.g. files/music/videos/backups on servers)
• Deploy/update applications
   
   

• Easy to add nodes
• Managed centrally
• Fewer data collisions
• A single node failure does not affect the rest of the network

• A denial of service strategy usually works flooding the target host or network with traffic until the target can’t respond or crashes. The targeted systems operations are affected when users are unable to access information systems and or network services

• two's complement has only one value for zero

(a) Linear/Cascade/Waterfall

• a project is divided into stages or phases
• it is sequential, each stage needs to be completed before moving on
• clear goals are set for each stage

(b) Iterative Methodology

• effective in producing a working prototype in a short period of time
•  involves extensive user input and testing
• based on build – test – evaluate process, the philosophy is re-build until users are completely satisfied
• features user input throughout the process which enables ongoing, responsive changes to be made to the design.

Memory management

• Manage the computer’s memory;
• It can control which parts of the memory are being used by which process

Processor management

• Manage the computer’s processor(s)CPU;
• Schedules of which processes are to be executed;

Input/output management

• Manages input/output devices;
• Interacts with/manages/handles the (automatic) installation of device drivers;
•  Handles peripheral device interrupts;
• the computer can communicate with the outside world;
• Control network communication;
• Allow devices to send and receive data;

Managing storage

• Manage secondary storage devices;
• Loading data and programs into the computer’s memory;
• Storage space management (disk quotas);
• To ensure that storage space is allocated fairly and efficiently to specific tasks\users;

Managing security

•  User authentication;
• To make sure that users must prove who they are to access the system;
• Protect against malware;
• Block access to specific vulnerable operations or system areas. For example, software can only be installed with admin access;

Managing applications

• Control access to applications;
• Prevent users or processes from using unauthorised programs // allow users or
• processes to use authorised programs;
• Control application access;
• Prevent/allow an application access to data (or devices);

a)  i)  Explain what is meant by the term volatile memory                                                            (1mark)

• Memory content is lost when the power is turned off

ii) What is normally stored in the non-volatile part of a computer’s main memory                       (1mark)

• The Computer’s BIOS

b) Explain why having cache memory can improve the performance of the CPU                         (2mks)

• Frequently used data/instructions are store in the cache; Meaning they don’t have to be fetched from the main memory;
• Data/instructions stored in the cache memory can be accessed faster (than data/instructions stored in the main memory) MAX 2

• A collection of related webpages under the same domain name

• Editor: this allows a programmer to enter and edit source code
• Automatic formatting:  Correctly indents code
• Automatic colour coding:  Changes key words, literals and annotation to different colours
• Linker: this is a program which allows previously compiled code, from software libraries, to be linked together
• Loader: this is a program which loads previously compiled code into memory.
• Debugger: this is a program which helps locate, identify and rectify errors in a program
• Syntax error detection:  Highlighting syntax errors before code is translated
• Trace: this is a facility which displays the order in which the lines of a program are executed, and possibly the values of variables as the program is being run
• Break point: this is a facility which interrupts a program on a specific line of code, allowing the programmer to compare the values of variables against expected values.  The program code can then usually be executed one line at a time.  This is called single-stepping
• Variable watch: this is a facility which displays the current value of any variable.  The value can be 'watched' as the program code is single-stepped to see the effects of the code on the variable.  Alternatively a variable watch may be set, which will interrupt the program flow if the watched variable reaches a specified value
• Memory inspector: this is a facility which will display the contents of a section of memory
• Error diagnostics: these are used when a program fails to compile or to run.  Error messages are displayed to help the programmer diagnose what has gone wrong
• Emulator: will provide and emulator to run the code/app so no physical device required
• Context sensitive menu:  SDE suggests available options
• Statement completion:  SDE will complete a statement such as adding an ‘end if’ to an ‘if’ statement GUI creation:  Allows programmer to create a GUI by dragging and dropping controls (buttons, etc...) onto a form.
• Publisher: facility to package up and deploy program as an easy to install package

• Sequential
• Random
• Serial
• Indexed-sequential

The booting process is the sequence of events that occur when a computer is turned on or restarted. It involves a series of steps that allow the computer's operating system to initialize and become functional. Here's a simplified explanation of what happens during the booting process:

1. Power-On Self-Test (POST): When the computer is powered on, the first thing it does is perform a Power-On Self-Test. During this step, the computer's hardware components, such as the CPU, memory, and storage devices, are checked for proper functioning. The POST verifies that all essential hardware components are present and operational.

2. Bootloader: Once the POST is completed, the computer looks for the bootloader. The bootloader is a small program stored in the computer's firmware or on the bootable device (such as the hard drive or a USB drive). It is responsible for loading the operating system.

3. Loading the Operating System: The bootloader locates the operating system's files and initiates the loading process. It may display a boot menu allowing the user to choose the operating system if multiple options are available. The selected operating system's core files are loaded into the computer's memory.

4. Kernel Initialization: The operating system's kernel, which is the central component responsible for managing system resources, is initialized. The kernel sets up essential components such as device drivers, memory management, and process management.

5. System Initialization: After the kernel is initialized, the operating system proceeds with system initialization. During this stage, various system services and processes are started, and hardware devices are initialized and configured. The operating system loads essential system files and prepares the environment for user interaction.

6. Login/Graphical Interface: Once the system initialization is complete, the user is presented with a login prompt or a graphical user interface (GUI). The user can then log in with their credentials or interact with the GUI to access the computer's functionalities.

• Any new or changed files since the last backup

Manages memory (RAM) 

• Allocates memory to programs currently executing •

Ensures programs/data do not corrupt each other: Ensures all programs and data including itself is stored in correct memory locations

Manages processes: Ensures different processes can utilise the CPU and do not interfere with each other or crash •

Allows a user to run programs : On a multi-tasking O/S ensure that all tasks appear to run simultaneously

• Allocates time slices 
• Scheduling of programs
• Handles interrupt
• Allows a user to configure hardware

• Physical topology deals with the placement of nodes
• Logical topology deals with the data flow  in the network

• Registers are small amounts of memory available that hold data fetched from memory or data waiting to be stored in memory. A temporary holding place for the instruction that has been fetched.
• The system clock purpose is to determine the pace of the cycle, each tick of the clock a part of the fetch-execute cycle occurs. Regulates the timing and speed of a computers systems functions.

- (provides) user interface
– input/output control
– security
– handling interrupts
– spooling
– memory management
– processor management
– utilities (e.g. copy, save, delete, re-name, etc.)
– maintain user accounts
– load/run software
– error reporting/handling
– multiprogramming
– batch processing (JCL)/real time processing
– multitasking/multiuser/multi-access
– file management

Encryption software

• Scramble/encode/mix up data so it cannot be read/understood if intercepted/stolen

Defragmentation s/w

• Move free space together and Move files together hence enabling Faster access to files

(Data) compression s/w

• Reduce the file size of files or makes files smaller inorder  To use less storage space
• enables Faster transmission
• enables storage of more files

Anti-virus / anti-malware s/w

• To help protect computer/data against viruses/malware
• To scan the computer to look for/quarantine/remove viruses/malware

Disk analysis and repair s/w

• Scan disk and look for faults
• Prevent the loss of data due to faulty disk

Auto-update

•  Checks Internet for new versions of software/OS
• Downloads and installs without user interaction

Firewall

• Examine incoming and outgoing traffic
• To help restrict/prevent unauthorised access over a network

 ...over a network/external source