– knowledge base
– rule(s) base
– inference engine
– explanation system
– (expert system) shell

• hexadecimal is easier (for humans) to read (than binary);
• numbers are displayed in a more compact way (in hexadecimal than in binary);
• it is quicker to type in (hexadecimal numbers than binary numbers);
• it reduces the risk of typing errors (in hexadecimal numbers than binary numbers);

a)  i)  Explain what is meant by the term volatile memory                                                            (1mark)

• Memory content is lost when the power is turned off

ii) What is normally stored in the non-volatile part of a computer’s main memory                       (1mark)

• The Computer’s BIOS

b) Explain why having cache memory can improve the performance of the CPU                         (2mks)

• Frequently used data/instructions are store in the cache; Meaning they don’t have to be fetched from the main memory;
• Data/instructions stored in the cache memory can be accessed faster (than data/instructions stored in the main memory) MAX 2

• do not allow outside floppy disks/CD’s/DVD’s
• use disk free work stations
• download/install and use anti virus software
• scan hard disks regularly
• update the anti virus program regularly
• do not open file attachments from unknown sources/download
• doubtful software from the Internet
• do not use files that come from unknown sources
• buy original software/do not buy pirated software
• use firewalls

• An end user license agreement (EULA) describes a contract (agreement) between a software developer and a user of that software.
   

• Network
• Commercial
• Enterprise
• Proprietary

• has a significantly larger address pool than previous version
• features a client-side address assignment
• has built-in encryption
• enables one device to have many network addresses

1. Low level languages do not resemble natural languages they are made up entirely of bit patterns
2. Low level languages produce code that is executed faster as it is already in a format the CPU can execute / does not need to be translated.
3. High level languages are easier to understand / learn as commands are more like English / identifiers can be meaningful .
4. High level languages are easier to use leading to fewer errors.

Domain integrity - ensures that all data in  a field contain valid values

Uses transistors( resistors and capacitors) . It can be implemented by the use of NAND or NOR gates. Data is stored on the chip as a charge

Physical topology - the physical arrangement of nodes of a computer network

Examples

• bus topology
• ring topology
• mesh topology
• star topology

Logical topology- the way data flows in a network

Examples

• Ethernet
• Ring

(a)State what is meant by the terms:

Parallel data transmission

• 8 bits/1 byte/multiple bits sent at a time  
• using many/multiple/8 wires/lines

Serial data transmission

• one bit sent at a time over a single wire

https :  protocol

google.co.ke: domain name

/index.html: webpage/file name

• memory used up/slows down computer/alters setting/systems failure
• erases files/erases data/corrupts data/data needs restoring
• infects other computers on the network
• production loss/financial loss

• data must be up to date
•  data can only be read/used for the purpose for which it was collected
• data must be adequate, relevant and not excessive
• data must be accurate
• data must be destroyed when no longer needed/don’t keep longer than necessary
• data user must register what data stored
• data must be used/collected fairly and lawfully
• data must be held securely
• data must be protected from accidental damage
• only authorised personnel can have access to the data
• fines are imposed for data mis-use
• data should not be passed on to a third party without permission
• a person can view data and have it changed/removed if incorrect

ICT is used to create e-commerce platforms that have made business transactions easier and convenient by allowing customers make purchases and payments from anywhere at any time

ICT is used by marketing agents to create exciting multimedia presentations concerning products or services and present them to the target customers using presentation software such MS PowerPoint

Using multimedia, presentation and animation software, it is possible to design attractive advert materials and video clips to display on billboards, broadcast over a television or uploaded on the internet

• Computer systems use binary/ones and zeros/voltage on or off;
• Sound is analogue/continuous;
• Computers use digital data/discrete values

 the trial version of software for a limited time/number of uses with limited features  free of charge

If a full version is required need to pay a fee/sign up

When the trial is over user is asked to pay/sign up

Protected by copyright

Type of software licence
 

A parameter represents additional information that  a function requires to perform its task. Each parameter required by a function is specified in the function header

An argument the value supplied in the function call. When the function is called, the argument value is passed into the function parameter so that the function can perform its task