– multiple choice/yes-no answers
– easy to understand interface e.g. use of icons/drop down menus etc.
– output shown as % probabilities of fault

Any four of:
Sequential:
• Individual instructions are executed one after another
• Flow control is accomplished by jump/branch/goto instructions
• Results are usually achieved less quickly than parallel processing (do
not award twice)
Parallel:
• Individual instructions can be routed to different processors for
simultaneous execution
• Results are usually achieved quicker than sequential instruction (do not
award twice)
• Requires multi-core processors or multiple microprocessors
• Tasks may be split into different parts with each part executed on a
different processor
• Results need to be merged back together after completion

• Font Formatting:

  • Font Style: You can change the font style (e.g., Arial, Times New Roman) for cell content.
  • Font Size: Adjust the size of the text within cells.
  • Bold, Italic, and Underline: Apply these formatting options to emphasize text.
  • Font Color: Change the color of the text.

• Cell Formatting:

  • Number Formats: Apply various number formats, such as currency, percentage, date, and time.
  • Cell Borders: Add or remove borders around cells or cell ranges.
  • Fill Color: Change the background color of cells.
  • Text Alignment: Control how text is aligned within cells (left, right, center, top, bottom).
  • Text Wrapping: Allow text to wrap within a cell if it's too long to fit in one line.

• Sequential processing occurs in the order that the tasks are received while distributed processing where more than one computer or CPU is used to run specific programs.

• file deletion
• file copying
• file renaming
• file retrieval
• file closing
• file reading

1. Operating system manages the computer hardware thus without it the programs cannot communicate directly to the hardware
2. Provide a user interface through which a user can give instructions to the computer. Without a user interface, it would be difficult to load or run programs
3. other programs depend on the operating system to load them into the memory , allocate resources and schedule processor time, Without operating , there would be nothing to co-ordinate the execution of multiples programs
4. The OS organizes data in files and directories, making it possible for programs to save, retrieve, and modify data.
5. Without it, programs wouldn’t know where or how to store data.
6. The OS controls access to files, memory, and devices, ensuring that one program doesn’t interfere with another.

• car factories/factories
• chemical/nuclear factories
• production lines
• warehouses
• deep in the ocean/down mines
• on other planets/in space
• road junctions

• A denial of service strategy usually works flooding the target host or network with traffic until the target can’t respond or crashes. The targeted systems operations are affected when users are unable to access information systems and or network services

• hexadecimal is easier (for humans) to read (than binary);
• numbers are displayed in a more compact way (in hexadecimal than in binary);
• it is quicker to type in (hexadecimal numbers than binary numbers);
• it reduces the risk of typing errors (in hexadecimal numbers than binary numbers);

• OS controls operation of system/hardware
• Applications software allows the system to do something useful

• Use of debugging utilities
• Use of test data
• Dry run / Desk checking

Modulation refers to the process of converting a digital signal to analog signal at the transmission end while demodulation is to converting analog signal to digital signal at the receiving end

(i) Incorrect use of language, e.g. PLINT instead of PRINT
(ii) A mistake in the structure of the solution, e.g. a jump goes to the wrong line
(iii) Inappropriate arithmetic is used, e.g. division by 0 is attempted

• ICT provides graphic design tools that allow marketers to create visual content for ads , websites and even social media
• computers enable marketers to produce video content crucial for modern digital marketing using video editing tools 
• Computers are used to distribute and analyze online survey polls  that help in understanding customer preferences
• Social media platforms offer ad placement based on user demographics and interest
• Online marketing
• Social media marketing
• Target marketing
• Email marketing
• Blogging

• she had actually described verification
• data could be incorrect, therefore same incorrect data typed in twice
• accept description of validation process e.g. range check

1. (a)State what is meant by the terms:

Parallel data transmission

• 8 bits/1 byte/multiple bits sent at a time  

1. using many/multiple/8 wires/lines

Serial data transmission

• one bit sent at a time  
• over a single wire

b) Give one benefit of each type of data transmission.

• Parallel - faster rate of data transmission

Serial

1. -more accurate/fewer errors over a longer distance
2. -less expensive wiring  
3. less chance of data being skewed/out of synchronization/order

Give one application of each type of data transmission. Each application must be different

Parallel

• sending data from a computer to a printer
•  internal data transfer (buses)

Serial

• connect computer to a modem

State what is meant by the term USB

• universal serial bus

Describe two benefits of using USB connections between a computer and a device.

• -devices are automatically detected and configured when initially attached
  • Impossible to connect device incorrectly/connector only fits one way
  • has become the industry standard
  • supports multiple data transmission speeds
  • lots of support base for USB software developers
  • supported by many operating systems
  • backward compatible
  • faster transmission compared to wireless

DVD - optical media which use one spiral track; red lasers are used to read and write data on the media surface; makes use of dual-layering technology to increase the storage capacity

ROM - non-volatile memory chip; contents of the chip cannot be altered; it is often used to store the start-up routines in a computer (e.g. the BIOS)

SSD/ Solid State Drive/memory (SSD): a non-volatile memory device that uses NAND flash memories (which consist of millions of transistors wired in series on single circuit boards)

Blue Ray -  optical media that uses blue laser technology to read and write data on the media surface; it uses a single 1.1 mm polycarbonate disc

Viruses, pharming and phishing are all examples of potential Internet security issues.
Explain what is meant by each of these three terms.

Virus

• - program/software that replicates/copies itself
• – can delete or alter files/data stored on a computer
•  – can make the computer “crash”/run slow

Pharming - malicious code/software installed on a user’s hard drive/actual webserver

 – this code redirects users to a fake website (without their knowledge)

 – to obtain personal/financial information/data

Phishing - legitimate-looking emails sent to a user – as soon as the recipient opens/clicks on the link in the email/attachment,  the user is directed to a fake website (without their knowledge) – To obtain personal/financial information/data

control bus- this bus carries signals used to coordinate the computer’s activities

address bus - this uni-directional bus carries signals relating to memory addresses between processor and memory

data bus - this bi-directional bus is used to exchange data between processor, memory and input/output devices

The seven stages in a von Neumann fetch-execute cycle

• the PC (program counter) contains the address of the next instruction to be fetched
• the address contained in the PC (program counter) is copied to the MAR (memory address register) via the address bus
• the instruction is then copied from the memory location contained in the MAR (memory address register) and is placed in the MDR (memory data register)
• the entire instruction is then copied from the MDR (memory data register) and placed in the CIR (current instruction register)
• the value in the PC (program counter) is then incremented so that it points to the next instruction to be fetched
• the address part of the instruction is placed in the MAR (memory address register)
• the instruction is finally decoded and is then executed

Modern LCD monitors and televisions use LED-backlit technology.
Give two advantages of using this new technology compared to the older cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) method

• no need to warm up
• – whiter tint/more vivid colours/brighter image
• – higher resolution
• – much thinner monitors possible/lighter weight
• – more reliable technology/longer lasting
• – uses much less power/more efficient

Any one of:
• To allow connected machines to communicate
• To provide the rules of communication between two networked devices

• Realtime processing
• Batch processing
• Timesharing
• multiprogramming
• Online
• Batch
• Distributed

 Data

Instructions

Convert the HTML into a webpage which is rendered on the screen